Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health

Juvenile is a significant phase of life for building up wellbeing Presentation Juvenile are not beasts, they are simply individuals attempting to figure out how to make it among the grown-ups on the planet, who are presumably not entirely certain themselves. India is the second most famous nation with absolute populace of 1081million containing about 30% of the all out populace, among which young people (10-18years) structure a populace of 22.5% (WHO, 2001 enumeration). Pre-adult is a significant phase of life for setting up wellbeing conduct, mentalities and way of life. It is a period portrayed by quick physical development, sexual, mental, sexual and physiological development. Wellbeing conduct is one marker of soundness of more youthful individuals that may serve both as a proportion of wellbeing after some time also an objective for wellbeing strategy and pregnancy and inclined to chance conduct like hostility, exploitation, wretchedness, self-destructive ideation, substance misuse and sexual conduct (Grabber,2004). Scientists have uncovered that a lady sexual improvement begins as ahead of schedule as 13 years, yet her physical make-up isn't all around created to hold up under strains during pregnancy there is moderately high hazard for the young moms between 15-18years old enough (Discovery institute, 2010) Teenagers are viewed as solid since mortality in this age bunch is moderately low. Infact, the juvenile young ladies can do have a scope of medical issues like iron deficiency, expanding pre-marriage sex, prostitution, regenerative tract contaminations, school drop out, helpless nourishment, early kid bearing and conceptive complications.etc (WHO, 2006). Today everywhere throughout the world, high school pregnancy is, rising as a significant issue, around 15 million pregnancies happen each year among young ladies matured 15-19 years. They are progressively regular in the creating nation like India. In spite of the fact that half of young ladies get hitched by 18 years, 19% of all out richness rate (15-19 years) is youthful pregnancy, 27% of them have neglected need of contraception, and 4.7% of them were utilizing present day strategy for contraception (WHO,2006). Adolescent pregnancy is characterized as getting pregnant underneath 18 years. Youthful young people (12-14 years of age) are bound to have impromptu sex and are bound to be worried in to sex. Most adolescents don't plan to get pregnant, yet many do. Regularly youngsters don't get convenient pre-birth care and they have a higher danger of pregnancy like hypertension and its intricacy, untimely birth and low birth weight (Health Orates, 2008). Early marriage and early pregnancy are acknowledged social standards of our general public. The result of high school pregnancy is influenced because of absence of education, poor financial condition, insufficient pre-birth care. The vast majority of the juvenile young ladies dont have sufficient information about pubescence, high school pregnancy and other regenerative wellbeing. Negative recognition which they assemble from different sources regularly adds to STDs and HIV diseases (Chahande, 2002). High pace of mortality and horribleness has consistently been related with pregnancy and labor in pubertal and juvenile young ladies, and furthermore a sensational ascent in the quantity of pregnancy, premature births, and explicitly transmitted infections. Therefore it is progressively perceived that great regenerative wellbeing truly starts in youths. Regenerative wellbeing is affected by numerous components, for example, instruction, nourishment, sexual jobs, sexual status, social practices and financial turn of events (K.Park, 2009). A cross sectional observational investigation was led on commonness of youngster marriage before 18 years old among the youthful grown-up ladies in India. Information from National Family Health Survey-3 were constrained to the example of Indian ladies matured 20 years. The outcomes indicated that 44.5% of ladies matured 20 years were hitched before 18 years, 22.6% of ladies were hitched before the age of 16 years and 2.6% ladies of were hitched before the age of 13 years (Raja, Saggurti N, 2008) A cross sectional examination on Reproductive example, perinatal mortality, and sex inclination was led in country Tamil nadu in India. In this examination 30 town regions were arbitrarily chosen and served by wellbeing sub focuses. The members were 1321 youthful ladies. The Result demonstrated that 41% of the subjects (535) were primiparous, 7 subjects (0.5%) were amazing multiparous. The, the neonatal death rate was 35.3/1000, the perinatal death rate was 42.0/1000 and the stillbirth rate was 13.5/1000 births (Birgitte Bruun Nielsen, 2000). Requirement FOR THE STUDY All inclusive high school pregnancy represents 16 million in the age gathering of 15-19years, in which 10% is young pregnancy, one - third is fetus removal, 14% of them prematurely deliver and 52% will bear youngsters. In creating nations represents 95% of young pregnancies, the most noteworthy high schooler birth rates has been recorded in Mississippi, with of 68.4%, Mexico with 64%, Texas with 63%, the least rates are recorded in nations with in upper east 18.7%, Vermont with 20,8% (WHO,2009). In India 42.9% young ladies are in age gathering of 15-17 years and 14% young ladies in age gathering of 17-19 years and 3/10 young ladies get pregnant before 20 years, 1/6 young ladies are destined to high schooler moms and 47% of Indian ladies matured 20-24 wedded before lawful age of 18, and 56% are in country zones. The all out fruitfulness rate was 6.2-6.7 (WHO, 2000). The ongoing examinations uncovered that youngsters become explicitly dynamic in early pubescence and they face difficulties of beginning of monthly cycle contrasted with urban zones. 40% of high schooler young ladies matured 15-19 years engaged in sexual relations at any rate once and favor the beat technique for conception prevention. The frequency of adolescent pregnancy was 63% and pervasiveness rate was 28 and 32 for every 1000 in rustic and urban territories of Tamilnadu. In Coimbatore, 15.2% of juvenile young ladies and 0.7% of youthful young men are getting hitched early (WHO, 2005). A report by spare the kids found that, every year thirteen million youngsters are destined to ladies under age of 20 years in around the world. More than 90 of these births happen to ladies living in creating nations. The higher pace of young pregnancy on the planet with 143/1000 young ladies in age gathering of 15-19 years is in sub-Saharans Africa and the Fertility rate in south Asia extend from 71to 119 birth/1000 ladies matured between 15-19 years (Health and segment study, 2010). An expressive and similar investigation on information, mentality and conduct identified with sex among high school young ladies among nursing and non nursing understudies was led in Taiwan. A sum of 792 understudies were selected from one nursing school contrasted with non nursing understudies. The nursing understudies had more information on sex related issues. They additionally found that the nearby a close connection was, the more liberal sexual exercises would in general be. The member was inclined to acknowledge pre-marriage sex, and thought less about the virginity of future life partners, 60% understudies apparent that having a kid before marriage was unsuitable, about 23% of members had sex understanding, while just 30% young ladies overviewed to have utilized contraception each time they had sex. 11 understudies announced being pregnancy, however none decided to take their pregnancy to term. The finding of this examination indicated that nursing instruction may impact the s exual information, demeanor and conduct as to taking an interest in more secure sex among high school young ladies (Tseng YH, 2009). The specialist while leading wellbeing mindfulness program, found that the greater part of the pre-adult young ladies got hitched at 13 years old years, and they had helpless cleanliness, and low birth weight babies. The young ladies didn't know about adolescence high school pregnancy and different parts of conceptive wellbeing. So the examiner wanted to make mindfulness about young pregnancy. This investigation will assist with evaluating the information and demeanor of pre-adult young ladies towards chose parts of regenerative wellbeing and forestall the confusions. Explanation OF THE PROBLEM A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Structured Teaching Program On Knowledge And Attitude Of Adolescent Girls On Teenage Pregnancy At Thottipalayam, Coimbatore. Targets: To evaluate the information and demeanor of juvenile young ladies on adolescent pregnancy. To oversee organized showing program on high school pregnancy among immature young ladies. To reevaluate the information and disposition of pre-adult young ladies on adolescent pregnancy. To connect the discoveries with the chose segment factors OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Adequacy: It alludes to the degree to which the organized instructing program on high school pregnancy has accomplished the ideal impact in improving the information and change in demeanor of youthful young ladies. Organized instructing program It alludes to efficiently arranged showing program, intended to give data on high school pregnancy to immature young ladies. Information It alludes to the data picked up by pre-adult young ladies on adolescent pregnancy. Mentality It alludes to the communicated conviction and sentiment of pre-adult young ladies on adolescent pregnancy. Adolescent pregnancy It is characterized as teenaged or under matured young lady as a rule in the age bunch between 13-18 years getting pregnant. Juvenile young ladies It alludes to both wedded and unmarried juvenile young ladies in age bunch between 13-18 years. Suppositions Pre-adult young ladies will have absence of information on adolescent pregnancy. Pre-adult young ladies need instruction with respect to high school pregnancy. Organized training program on young pregnancy will assist the teenagers with improving their insight and will assist them with developing an inspirational disposition. Information and mentality have solid effect on adjustment of sound conduct. Speculation There is a noteworthy contrast between pre test and post test scores on information and demeanor of pre-adult young ladies on high school pregnancy after organized educating program. Constraints: The investigation is constrained to Pre-adult young ladies who are eager to partake. Juvenile young ladies who are accessible at the hour of information assortment. Juvenile young ladies who have achieved menarche Juvenile young ladies at the age between

Planet Saturn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Planet Saturn - Essay Example Air is likewise significant, and the stripped away vaporous external layer would should be supplanted with an oxygen rich climate to be fit for supporting life. The climate isn't just for breathing nonetheless. It additionally fills in as a defensive shield from perilous vitality, and along these lines the new environment of Saturn would must have a similar property. Saturn as of now has no water, and couldn't continue fluid water because of its very hot center and the subsequent surface temperature of, which would need to be brought for life down to get by in any case. This planet is excessively far away to be in the â€Å"habitable zone† where the sun could bolster life (Jones, Sleep, and Underwood, 2006). A diminished circle would go with an abbreviated good ways from the sun and would coordinate well with the plane of the Earth (delivering comparative seasons). The thickness of Saturn’s center would some way or another should be reduced with the goal that life would not be squashed by its gravity. This gravity would likewise meddle with different planets if Saturn were nearer to the sun, prompting a totally different cluster of issues in regards to perfect area. Also, the attractive field of Saturn (somewhat more fragile than Earth’s) would not be sufficiently able to create a magnetosphere equipped for ensuring the planet’s

Analyzing Personal Conflict Management Styles Essay

Peace promotion is the disservice of numerous groups or gatherings in achieving its objectives. This is on the grounds that a great many people don't comprehend the distinctive clash styles and how to apply the standards and standards related with the style you might be managing. In this paper I will dissect three of the five administration styles talked about in the reading material Communication in Small Groups. Shirking and rivalry are two styles that I accept have the best impact on upsetting a gathering or group from achieving its objectives. Coordinated effort, notwithstanding, is a style that I accept is best in helping a group in achieving its objectives. This is a style that I utilize in my expert life as well as in my own life and have seen the distinction this style of refereeing makes on people who are drawn nearer with this method. Evasion, as indicated by the Collins English Dictionary is â€Å"the demonstration of avoiding or keeping from occurring. † This definition summarizes the explanation I accept that of the five clash overseeing styles, this one is among the top reasons a few groups fall flat at accomplishing their objectives. Regardless of whether it is only that an individual doesn't care for showdown, are hesitant to voice their actual sentiments out of dread, or just would prefer not to offend another , the basic truth remains that the group may not know about all that they have to consider. They pass up on the chance to be increasingly objective in arriving at a good choice on the objectives the group is attempting to accomplish. This can likewise prompt individuals from the group feeling as if a part couldn't care less and give them motivation to limit whatever input that part may have. It is imperative to recall that there are sure cases when shirking is expected to move the group along. For example if what is causing the contention is something minor that won't adversy affect a definitive objective of the group it is likely a smart thought to maintain a strategic distance from it. It might be likewise be a smart thought to utilize this strategy incidentally to give a group time to accumulate their considerations on a significant issue they have to determine, however can't persuade certain individuals to be objective or sensible in light of the fact that they are standing firm behind their perspective. Rivalry is a peace promotion style precisely inverse of evasion. This is an exceptionally angry style, which attributes comprise of commandingly convincing others that their position is the main right position. An individual who applies this style as a rule tries to win with the goal of someone else losing. They need control and work to accomplish it regardless. This sort of style is irresistible to a group. It is difficult for a group to work at achieving a shared objective if the degree of rivalry in the group is with the end goal that nobody can concur. Rivalry regularly prompts deceptive methods of attempting to convince others in the group like yelling, or in any event, undermining. These kinds of practices lead to protectiveness and doubt as individuals may feel as though they are constrained into a choice as opposed to showing up at a choice all alone. Once more, much the same as with all administration styles it isn't constantly a terrible thing to be serious. When filling in as a group it is imperative to recollect the objectives of the group and be careful that the activities taken are progressing in the direction of that objective. Regardless of how right an individual is separately, the individual in question must figure out how to get the remainder of the group to concur that their perspective is right or the best activity for the objective the group is attempting to achieve. Else, they will achieve nothing and distance themself from the group. Different individuals from the group can again feel as though that part couldn't care less about what is best for the group and rebate their thoughts as uneven. Of the entirety of the peace making styles, joint effort is the style that most analysts concur is the best for accomplishing the objectives of a group. â€Å"To work together is to have a high worry for both yourself and others† (Beebe and Masterson, 2009, p. 52). This basic conviction among clients of this style drives them to scan for answers utilizing the entirety of the apparatuses at the team’s removal. The various elements of the group become resources. They see the distinctions that recognize the individuals from the group as perspectives are regarded and seen unbiasedly. Contrasts like a male versus a female’s point of view, race, culture, and even social or financial status are perspectives that give all in the group a greater image of the various issues they may need to consider when arriving at a decision about how best to accomplish their objective. In spite of the fact that this style is thought of as the best course for groups to utilize, it is lso one of the most troublesome. Indeed, even an individual who has a characteristic ability or character that advances this style of refereeing needs to practice to be successful utilizing this style in a group setting. An individual can't be critical and must be certain not to think about anything said literally. This is something that most if not the entirety of the colleagues must have a consciousness of. All colleagues need to feel great with the outcomes and with what was surrendered from their very own perspective to show up at the team’s choice. This style is additionally requesting so it requires a decent measure of persistence. Contingent upon how snappy a choice is required it isn't constantly workable for a group to accomplish and some in the group may not accept that their eventual benefits were accomplished. I understood through this examination that I am an individual who normally utilizes the coordinated effort style of peace promotion in numerous aspects of my life. In my relationship with my significant other, I use coordinated effort as an approach to reinforce our partnership in running our family unit. Feeling as though we are a group benefits the choices we make for our family. Our youngsters consider us to be joined in our dynamic. This is something we needed to work to accomplish and joint effort was the way in to its prosperity. We had a serious style from the start and our youngsters would go through that reality to part us on choices that we made relating to them. I could break that cycle by concentrating on setting our ego’s aside. Our conversations were not, at this point about who was correct or wrong. It was a procedure that began with settlement to show I was eager to venture out. That inevitably developed into bargain, which is the thing that most couples make progress toward. Finding a center ground gives most couples the feeling that they are filling in as a group. Joint effort, in any case, is the capacity of that group not to locate a center ground, however effectively work to concur and the best arrangement or activity together by comprehension and handling each other’s perspective to think of choices together. It is a style that proves to be useful when preparing my youngsters on the significance of being mindful and responsible for their activities. Working together on objectives with the goal that they are a piece of the dynamic procedure enables them to accept they have command over what choices they make. In my school and expert life joint effort has demonstrated to be an approach to drive for results. Colleagues work better when they are calm in their dynamic, and everybody is alright with one another. Contradictions work themselves out with little pressure in light of the trust built up through everyone’s ability to team up on the objectives set up. Since the objectives were set together, everybody has a personal stake in its result and most need that result to be a fruitful one. At the point when I do experience an individual in my group with a clashing style, I will in general remove some time from the circumstance to assess the best game-plan for our advancement. I consider the degree of significance our issue may have on our definitive objective and imagine a scenario where any moral issues are included. Joint effort, however it is my preferred methodology, isn't generally the methodology I may use to determine the issue. I am not one to dodge the issue totally, however I have needed to utilize settlement, bargain, and even rivalry relying upon what the issue is and what character I am managing. Taking everything into account, you can see that there is nobody approach to oversee strife. I accept that having the option to adjust to the distinctive clash styles will help an individual in defeating strife. Joint effort best backings an individual who is versatile and best backings a team’s objective since it centers around the objectives of the group by giving every individual on the team’s needs equivalent significance.

The Diversity And Complexity Of The Construction Industry - Free Essay Example

1.1 Introduction: This chapter illustrates how unique, huge, diverse and enormously complex is the construction industry. This industry generally constitutes of enterprises and professionals whose primary objective is to build communities, roads, schools, homes, business, hospitals and including its maintenance. The construction process consists of many activities, right from the onset of the project design and right through its implementation, maintenance, refurbishment, and goes up to the eventual disposal of its buildings or in other words, the whole life cycle of the project. This industry therefore require a wide range of suppliers, contractors and including manufacturers of materials and components to carry out its activities. The industry had changed a lot in its complexity over time, but the objective of the industry remains basically the same as it was 100 years ago. However, the construction industry has a unique structure; with very few large establishments that dominate the infrastructure by carrying out works, that produces the majority of the turnover of this industry on a whole. Sears et al. 2008, p.2 state that contractors who vary widely in size and speciality accomplish the construction works. Some contractors choose to concentrate on a particular task or aspect of the construction project and are therefore referred to as specialty contractors. Others assume broader responsibility for a comprehensive work package and are referred to as main contractor. Due to the diversity present in the industry, the industry is fragmented which is a reality, the reason might be due to the adversarial short-term relationships which causes dissatisfaction within the industry and is therefore a project focused relationship. Moreover, lack of effective communication and implementation may also contribute to the fragmentation of the industry as it leads to significant negative impacts, low productivity, cost and time overruns and finally end up in conflicts and disputes. The industry also now faces new levels of complexity as it moves forward trying to keep pace with the increasing energy, material and labour costs which are to a great extend mitigated by the other industries by adopting the new technologies especially communication and information technology and also advanced management strategies. 1.2 Overview: The industry is considered to be one of the major economic sectors, which contributes a lot to the gross domestic product of the nation in respect to other industries. Cooke, and Williams, 2009, on p.3 states that the annual output of the UK construction industry is approximately  £114 billion, which represents almost 9% of gross domestic product. This industry also underpins the remaining sectors of the economy by providing the essential infrastructure and facilities on which all sectors of the economy depend. According to Potts, 2008, on p.3, this construction sector with 11.8 million operatives directly employed makes it Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest industrial employer accounting for 7% of total employment and 28% of industrial employment in the EU. There was also a report of the government policies, which was published by BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills business group sector document), stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the UK construction industry consists of over 250,000 firms employing 2.1 million people in a multitude of roles. The sector is defined as one which embraces the construction materials and products; suppliers and producers; building services manufacturers, providers and installers; contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients and those organisations that are relevant to the design, build, operation and refurbishment of buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, construction industry is very different from other manufacturing industries and therefore difficult to achieve similar performance, mainly due to its degree of uniqueness in its use, in the size, its location and complexity due to the varied non-uniform working conditions from one project to another. Therefore, it appears to be underperforming when compared to many other industries. Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.12 state that, the diversity of the construction and the variability in the production process has to be reorganised with each new construction project. For each project, a series of decisions has to be taken which take into account the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specific requirements and the context in which the tasks are to be executed. This can make project outcomes difficult to predict and can result in short and often adversarial relationships. Cox, Townsend, 1998, on p.21 states that the productivity, value for money, and overall client satisfaction in the construction industry are fairly low compared to other industrial sectors. The factors being: low and discontinuous demand; frequent changes in specification; inappropriate (contractor and client) selection criteria; inappropriate allocation of risk; poor quality; inefficient methods of construction; poor management; inadequate investment; an adversarial culture; and a fragmented industry structure. In order to improve the performance of this industry, government had taken initiatives and had produced many reports but had not made any impact. 1.3 Reports and recommendations: The publication of major notable reports namely Lathamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Constructing the Team (1994)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and two Egan Reports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rethinking Construction (1998)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Accelerating Change (2002)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? produced a considerable impact in UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s construction industry and started changing its working culture. Constructing the Team by Sir Michael Latham was published in July 1994, the key issues as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.39 are as follows: Clients have a role in promoting good design which provides value for money Clients should select the most appropriate procurement route on the basis of the type of project Effective design is crucial A modern contract should include: A specific duty for all parties to deal with each other Firm duties of teamwork so all can share in success A clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of all parties Easily understood language with guidance notes A choice of risk allocation Avoid variations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if it is required, price it in advance Ensure fair, prompt and secure payment to all parties Avoid conflict on site and disputes if any to be resolved speedily When selecting suppliers or tenderers, consideration should be given to: Quality as well as price A lead manager Sensible tender lists No burdensome qualification procedures Value for money Cost in use Factors which determine performance include: Adequacy of safety consideration Ability of operatives Improved training Relevant professional education Adequate RD, which is properly funded Teamwork on site depends on fair treatment for all parties The liability for defects post-completion should be properly addressed Rethinking Construction by Sir John Egan delivered the report in July 1998 for the success of the construction industry. He opined that while UK construction at its best is excellent, substantial improvements can be made, and it is vital that they are made. The key issues of this report as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.40 are as follows: The UK construction industry needs to improve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should be: Less fragmentation Increased profitability More capital investment More investment in RD More and better training Differentiation between price and cost Set targets for improvement and give commitment to the needs of the customer, to quality, and to people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the team and the process should be integrated around the product, and management should be committed to improvement throughout the organisation The construction process should be improved by: More process repetition on projects Integrating all team members to use their skills to deliver value to the client Focus on the end product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how best to achieve the desired result Continuous product improvement Implement projects correctly, suiting the site and the customer Partnering through the supply chain Once improvement starts, maintain it Improvement could be accomplished by developing a better culture in the industry: Providing decent working conditions More and better training Produce designs which considers the projects end use Standardise components where possible Improve regulatory controls Implement long à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" term relationships The National audit office report (2001)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Modernising Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as stated by Cooke, Williams, 2009, on p.11 that a major contributory factor to the poor performance of this industry was the adversarial relationships that existed between the construction firms, consultants and clients and between contractors, subcontractors and suppliers. The report also identified that government departments and agencies to ensure collaboration, integration and value for monies in the procurement of construction services. Further, it also suggested that the entire supply chain be integrated and that risk and value must be managed in order to reduce accidents, drive out waste and improve buildability. McGeorge and Palmer 2002 on p.54 cite CIRIAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s definition of buildability as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the extent to which the design of the building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed buildingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These reports produced during the various periods had contributed a lot to the growth of the construction industry. Since these reports were published, a changed performance could be clearly noticed in the activities of this industry. The findings of the report had tried to build up a challenge in the construction industry to procure projects that could achieve best value and also help in understanding the balance between quality and whole-life cost of the project. Many more studies on the performance of the construction industry were also conducted subsequently, which had identified the areas of strength and weakness of the construction industry. According to Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.2, the strength of the industry includes its flexibility and adaptability and its persistent weakness include its fragmented structure and project processes and its adversarial relationships. Furthermore, deficiencies in its performance in relation to customer focus, learning and leadership were revealed when benchmarked against other industries. 1.4 Material use: The construction industry is considered one of the major consumers of natural resources mainly the virgin materials from its surrounding environment. This will give rise to many environmental issues, which are unsustainable such as depleting natural resources, diminishing the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biodiversity, and even cause extinction of habitat if we continue the present rate of consumption. As stated by Kelley et al. on p.298 that materials used in buildings account for some 40% of natural resource use, 30% of CO2 emissions and 40% of waste. However, the environmental issues would certainly create a vital impact on the society and hence this industry should take earnest attempt to develop a strategy to provide low carbon solutions by way of minimising its carbon footprint. In addition, the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that voluntarily decides to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment and along with its procurement policy, c ould contribute to the environmental success. Built environment: The paper presented by Natural Building Technologies, have quoted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One Planet Living materialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of BioRegional and the World Wide Fund for Nature; have shown that if everyone in the world-consumed resources at the same rate that of UK, it would take the equivalent of three planets now to sustain this consumption. Hence, UK and the other western nations urgently need to take radical measures in order to reduce this present rate of consumption of resources. As we are aware that this planet has only a finite quantity of resources and therefore we in the construction industry should have a moral responsibility to ensure that industry is resourced using sustainable techniques. More over the construction industry should also insist on an environmental management system (EMS) accreditation for every project, which could help in continually, improving its environmental performance. An internal EMS audit if periodically conducted would help in checking the effectivene ss and delivery capability of the management system. The strategy paper of the UK Government, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Building a Better Quality of Life: A Strategy for more Sustainable Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000 b) as summarised by Kelly et al. 2002 on p.296 recognises the importance of sustainable construction and had challenged the construction industry to provide built assets which: Cause minimum damage to natural and social environments Minimise the use of resources Enhance the quality of life Will be acceptable to future generations 1.6 Needs: The working pattern of the society is changing quite fast and construction industry is known for adapting to change at a faster pace than other industries. Nowadays many people tend to work from home since jobs functions can be remotely performed and is quite feasible. The benefit from working at home helps in the reduction of transport movements, thereby considerably reducing pollution and traffic congestion especially during the peak hours. It is an eco-friendly option and is to be encouraged. Hence, this working culture would require housing to provide a higher quality of life and greater flexibility of adaptable living and space requirements. Therefore, in majority of existing homes, a need for up gradation would be necessary and a lot more of new homes constructed to accommodate this new culture in the coming years; for which a huge quantity of materials are required by the industry. This results in a heavy material flow. In addition, while designing a sustainable project, selec tion of materials should be made based on locally and easily available material, in order to reduce the embedded energy cost of transportation. This option would also decrease the carbon footprint of the project. 1.7 Regulations: A government publication by energy saving trust on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Code for Sustainable Homes New build housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Relevant to: England and Wales), states that the government intends that all new build homes should be zero carbon by the year 2016. Code level 3 is proposed to become the new standards for Building Regulations in England in 2010 and by 2050; the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entire housing stock will be virtually zero carbon. Clients, who desire to increase value of their project, could insist on the use of sustainable materials in order to acquire higher sustainability rating as mentioned in the BREEAMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s code for sustainable homes. These regulations create a lot of pressure on the project management team if a proper supply chain management technique is not available.. As mentioned in the Code for Sustainable Homes (Annex B Category 3, Materials on p.37), the supply chain management and material stewardship are essential elements of responsible sourcing. Hence, the supply chain manager is to consider the consequence and impacts of using materials by analysing its life cycle (right from the point it was mined or harvested,through manufacture and processing of the material, including its use, reuse and disposed off as waste with no further value), before the material is actually used in the project. However, all timber used in the project should be 100% legally sourced and 80% for all other assessed materials. 1.8 Sustainable sourcing code: For the London 2012 games, London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) had prepared a Sustainable Sourcing Code in consultation with industry leaders, sponsors and non-governmental organisations. It had been reviewing how its sponsorship and procurement activity could achieve the highest possible standards to ensure that the goods and services it procures comply with this code in meeting the sustainability objectives for the 2012 games. This code could be used as a benchmark in the preparation of a similar code of practice by the construction industry. The four core principles of the LOGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sustainable Sourcing Code and supporting guidelines on packaging and carbon emissions of products and services originally published in November 2007 and updated in December 2009 are as shown below: Responsible sourcing: Labour practices Health and Safety Diversity and inclusion Animal welfare and Testing Animal and plant products Timber and timber products Use of secondary products materials: Reducing waste Recycled content Packaging Waste electrical and electronic equipment Minimising embodied impacts: Environmental management Supply of products Transport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Low carbonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Games Healthy materials: Restricted substances and materials Heavy metals and brominated fire retardants 1.9 Controlling material resources: A material at site is money and is to be prudently handled. The cost of materials constitutes a major portion of the project cost. March 2009, p.139 states that the value of the materials incorporated into a building represent anything from 40 to 60 per cent of the final cost. Therefore, control of materials at site is a crucial element. Materials are not be wasted or lost. For proper control an effective communication between all involved for the project success namely the planning department, purchasing department, the site and the supplier is important. Responsibilities are to be clearly defined especially in buying of materials within the estimated amount since efficient buying results in savings, which in turn contributes to the profitability of the contract. Similarly hoarding of materials at site should be discouraged by initiating just in time delivery, but care is to be taken in the selection of material supplier so that the availability of bulk materials is ensured. Therefo re, materials management in construction projects is essential for its success. As Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.401 states that an essential component of materials management begins with site layout and planning. Designated areas must be allowed for material storage in order to reduce waste and damage to materials. Excessive stock of materials is a problem need to be controlled. March 2009, p.139 enumerates the reasons as to why excessive stock is to be controlled; Excessive stocks take up capital which could be better used Takes up space and absorb further capital for protection against weather Likely to be damaged resulting in unnecessary expenditure and possible delay incurred in replacement May be necessary to double handle stock to elsewhere on the site and missing the opportunity to have just in time delivery Site efficiency can be increased by effective material handling and result in costly waste reduced. Every project worth more than  £250 000 effective from April 2008 should have a Site waste management plan (SWMP), without which it would be a serious criminal offence as mentioned by Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.403 quoting The Clean Neighbourhood and Environment Act 2005 (Section 54 of Part 5). 1.10 Whole-life thinking: In addition, the construction industry need to consider the aspect of whole life costing during the procurement as the project not only consumes sustainable resources, but also generates waste in construction and demolition activities. The procurement of materials for the industry is strongly affected by environmental issues. Greater use of modern methods of construction and off-site prefabrication could be a solution in reducing the total amount of waste generated at site. Hence, the construction industry should strive to develop and implement the new paradigm of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ namely environmental, social and economic sustainability. Green building is an innovative technology and is good to be adopted by construction industry. This approach creates a positive environmental, social and economical impact over the entire life cycle of the project. It is a holistic approach of design and considers its impact on the wider environment and community around it. This technology procures homes, which are durable, save energy, reduce waste and pollution, and promote health and well-being. 1.11 Procurement methods: One of the main problems in this industry says Cooke Williams, 2009, on p.4, is that it separates design from production far greater than other industries and is still common despite the deficiencies of traditional procurement and the benefits offered by the newer and more flexible approaches. In traditional method of procurement, the design stage is separated from production by a tendering period. McGeorge and Palmer, 2002 on p.54, also support this view and quote à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by comparison with other industries the separation of the process of design and construction is unique to the construction industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Construction industry provides successful projects, the outcome of which is increased efficiency, greater borrowing capacity and payback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" long-term worth. The business objectives should always drive the selection of an appropriate procurement strategy, so as to procure a project to the complete satisfaction of the client. The procurement strategy so selected would depend on many factors; namely the client, the risk profile of the client, the cost certainty needed, accountability, flexibility, the type of project, time, funding, market condition, the industries capacity and capability. 1.11.1 Projects priorities: Moreover the factors that are to be considered while analysing a business objectives requirements and their relative priorities as pointed out by Kelly et al., 2002 on p.178 are as listed below: Factors outside the control of the project team Client resources Project characteristics Ability to make changes Risk management Cost issues Timing Quality and performance The choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are important to the clients perspective of the project. 1.11.2 Procurement strategy: The authors also state that the choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are of most importance to the client. After a selection is made, a strategic brief will need to be produced defining the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s project and the parameters within which the project must be realised to take the project to a success. Often less importance is imparted to the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives as compared to the primary criteria of time, quality and cost. These three primary parameters form the key criteria in the selection mechanism and are interdependent of each other. Therefore, procurement strategies adopted for the project would not be able to deliver all of them as high priority. For example, fast-track solutions for a project deliver speed and time certainty, whereas the other criteria such as cost certainty and quality may be less achievable. Similarly, in projects where quality or costs are considered to be of top priority, then the other criteria are affected. Hence, if a high priority is imparted in defining the project and especially linking of the prioritisation of objectives to the business case, greater then are the chances of a successful procurement of the project to the entire satisfaction of the client. However, from the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of a project, time, quality, cost and functionality are important criteria for the success of a project. The client generally prefers the highest quality at the lowest cost and the project being completed in the shortest possible time. As earlier mentioned it is not possible to attain all these parameters together for a given project. Depending upon the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business objectives, a suitable selection of the procurement strategy should be chosen. 1.11.3 Procurement option: If according to the client, a signature building is required for the project, then a traditional or design-bid-build strategy is an appropriate option for the project. For this project, quality would be very essential but this procurement technique adopts a sequential nature of activities, and therefore has no parallel working activity, which means that, construction could actually begin only after the design is completed as fully as possible. Hence is not suitable option for any fast track projects. However, this option fairly provides with cost certainty and time predicted. The delay experienced in completion of the project might be because considerable time is allowed for the design to take a full shape and thereafter in the preparation of detailed brief and also in the tendering procedures required to be completed before the start of the work. Therefore, an early start of the project would not be possible until the letter of intend is issued, which in turn have a knock on effect on the overall cost of the project (price escalation, inflation etc.). Sometimes the client might go in for a functional building where cost implication is to be the lowest and had to be completed before a fixed date. Here in order to meet the business objectives, a design-build procurement technique is quite appropriate, since early certainty of the overall contract price could be obtained. Moreover, as this strategy facilitates overlapping of design and construction, a faster start on site is possible resulting in shorter project duration with greater certainty of meeting the targeted date. Hence, this option is quite suitable for fast track projects but is not suitable for any complex infrastructural projects and also in projects wherein the clients brief is uncertain or inadequate. Alternatively, the client would require procuring a huge and complex infrastructural project with an emphasis on the targeted date of completion. Considering the clients business objective, the appropriate procurement route would be construction management, which is best-suited option for fast track and complex construction projects. In this procurement route, the construction work is divided into several packages, which are tendered separately to different experienced and qualified contractors. Hence, in this procurement method design, tendering and construction over lap thereby reducing the overall time of the project whereas there could be price uncertainty until the last package of the work had been awarded to a contractor. Due to the speed in completion, quality of the work would probably be effected and therefore a total quality management team would be required to ensure the quality of work during its progress. Therefore, this procurement route is not suitable for inexperience d clients and for those clients trying to transfer risk to the contractor. Therefore, the procurement strategy developed should strike a balance between risks that could cause an impact on the clients business and the projects objectives. Some projects could adopt more than one procurement option for the successful completion of the project as per the clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspective. Traditional approach may be used in the construction of the shell and core, whereas construction management would be used for the final works. The choices made might differ between clients of various projects depending upon their knowledge and experience of the industry. The scale and diversity of those involved in this industry is too enormous and hence this contributes to enormous pressures on the project teams, to ensure that the project completion is on time, budget and quality. 1.12 Risk: The diversity of those involved in the industry namely design engineers, architects, consultants, main and subcontractors, suppliers and constructional managers is huge. However, all those who are involved in this industry throughout the world strive together to establish a strategic framework to meet the budgetary and scheduling goals of the project. Time is one of the critical factors in construction industry, which has significant legal consequences. The client sets up rigid start and finishes dates for the project and if the contractor must comply with this period, barring any delay caused due to natural calamities, or lose money by paying the liquidated damages as laid down in the contract document. During the construction process delay in receiving of materials, equipments and services may erode profits. For a successful completion of a project, lot depends on the quality of the subcontractors and suppliers. Therefore, construction organisations should ensure that an appropriate subcontractor is selected. The subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s selection process involves many important factors including the evaluation of their capacity and also in performing a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. The risk faced in construction industry is different from that of other industries. This is quite evident while analysing the difference between manufacturing risks and construction risks as indicated by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.2 as shown below: Risk versus reward for the manufacturing sector Risk versus reward for the construction sector In construction industry, the potential for committing mistakes is high and facing problems is magnified by the poor interrelationship that exists between all the entities involved namely, the client, architect, consultant, project manager, contractors and suppliers. The risks, if not mitigated in time, would prove disastrous and hence, recommended to be avoided at an early stage. Construction risks as mentioned by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.3 are as narrated below: Internal financial problems Working capital problems Slow payment from the client Inferior plans and specifications Inadequate technical capabilities Insufficient information technology Lack of communication between the entities Productivity inefficiencies Work quality problems Work method problems Delivery reliability problems Bulk materials quality problems Another notable difference between the manufacturing and construction industry is the probability of failure while considering the labour element. This can be clearly understood if an improvement curve technique is performed as explained by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.4 and p.5 for both industries, the figures of which are as shown below: Probability of failure for the manufacturing industry Probability of failure for the construction industry The improvement curve is exponential and depicts a constant-percentage reduction of labour, which means that, the workers learn how to do their job better as they produce more and more units at a lower production cost. This advantage is accomplished due to the impact of cumulative learning by experience, which is possible in the manufacturing industry. Now considering the construction industry, which is constantly changing its complexity over time, we can observe that the learning phase in the learning curve would be present for every single project accomplished and the steady state phase of the learning curve is not satisfactorily achieved, thereby affecting the productivity in the construction industry. Unlike the widgets mass produced in a manufacturing industry, the finished product in construction is customised and cannot be a mass-produced. Therefore, the operation function that shows improvement in the manufacturing sector has quite a different profile in the construction industry and remains constant for the traditional construction organisation. From the figures shown above, the probability of failure after the completion of the 20th construction project is still seen to be high, whereas in a manufacturing process, after the production of the 20th unit, the probability of failure is seen to be low. This study clearly indicates that each construction project is a unique as it is constructed to the entire satisfaction of the client, and therefore it is possible to duplicate construction projects on large scale in order to improve the learning curve thereby improving efficiency and adding value to the client. 1.13 Conclusion: Construction industry had evolved and progressed over the yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right from the start of industrial revolution in the 1970s. The growth of industrialisation and urbanisation resulted in the creation of a new and expanding market for this industry. The industry had to face many problems due to lack of cooperation and integration between the design and construction of projects. The industry had changed many operating systems during its growth most of which had been imposed on from outside the industry especially through clients. The heavy demands for construction projects and the acute shortage of labour especially after World War II resulted in the search of new construction methods in order to reduce the amount of site labour and to increase productivity for the industry.

Bloody Mary and The Virgin Queen - 1970 Words

Bloody Mary and the Virgin Queen Mary and Elizabeth Tudor were both, by all accounts, strong and intelligent women endowed with many of the qualities that mark a successful ruler. However, only Elizabeths legacy is a positive one; her reign has been called the Golden Age of England, and she remains a heroine in popular history and even modern film. Marys reign is scowled at, and seen by most as a brief unpleasant period preceding the glorious ascension of Elizabeth. To account for this, one can examine each sovereigns maternal influences, governing styles, and choices regarding marriage. Maternal Influence Marys mother, Katherine of Aragon, has been described as a staunch woman of misguided principles (Weir 3).†¦show more content†¦She contracted a matrimonial alliance with her nephew Philip, another Catholic monarch (Erickson 331). Their marriage caused a general outcry; the British did not favor Spaniards and feared that, upon their union, Philip would rule England as king; or that, if she died childless, he would seek to seize the throne for himself and his future heirs (337). This seemed a valid fear in light of Marys traditional feminine deference to male authority, but Mary declared that she would wholly love and obey the man she married, following the divine commandment, and would not in any way act against his will, but if he tried to interfere with the government of the kingdom she would have to prevent it at all costs (Erickson 333). For some, this was not enough; and the marriage contract specified that Phillip could not succeed. Thus, Mary was de termined to have a say in her own government. However, faith could guide Mary even if her husband could not, and she began to be very influenced by Catholic Cardinal Pole (Erickson 390). For all men who minimized her authority, Pole was the most blatant (Erickson 390). Pole gave Mary misguided advice concerning the religious conversion of her realm. He assumed that the religious situation in England was not unlike that in Italy, where the Protestant heresy had taken rather shallow root and had been decisively crushed by the Papal inquisition (Erickson 390). He failed to recognize the importance of the fact that a wholeShow MoreRelatedQueen Elizabeth: The Virgin Queen922 Words   |  4 PagesLizzie Scott â€Å"I am already bound unto a husband which is the Kingdom of England.† -Elizabeth I (Add Intro) Queen Elizabeth was famously known as â€Å"The Virgin Queen† for never marrying. She refused to share her power. Queen Elizabeth was born in 1533 and she and her sister were claimed to be illegitimate by her father, Henry VIII since he was looking for a male heir to his throne. 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The conflict between Elizabeth and Mary ended up leading to Mary’s death. Elizabeth I, â€Å"queen of England and Ireland, was the most famous of English Monarchs and one of the most successful women rulers in history.† (Row, 243). â€Å"She was not only concerned with politics, diplomacy, and the religious struggle againstRead MoreKings and Queens: The Tudors Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tudors consisted of five kings and queens as well as Lady Jane Grey. The family line began when King Henry V passed away and his wife later on remarried a man named Owen Tudor. The Tudors were known as the most powerful, feared, and inspirational line of people to have lived during their time Owen Tudor, worked for the king within his courts as a Welsh owner, during the time of Owen’s marriage, Owen and the queen ended up having a son named Edward and it was said that he was to be the next inRead More Biography of Queen Elizabeth Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Queen Elizabeth Despite being unwanted by her father, King Henry VIII, Elizabeth managed to overcome obstacles and become one of the most powerful woman leaders of her time. Some of her accomplishments were to defeat the Spanish armada, restore peace between Catholics and Protestants, and lead England to prosperity (Ross 146). The period of time during her reign, fifteen hundred and fifty eight to sixteen hundred and three, is often called the Golden Age since it was

How Teens Failing On Is Relationships - 758 Words

If you looked up the word â€Å"teenagers† in the dictionary you would find something along the terms of, â€Å"hormone- induced rebellious monsters.† If you look at it from a dissimilar perspective, teenagers can be viewed as feathered baby birds flying out of the nest for the first time. Just like newly born birds, adolescents may stumble as they fly by the beginnings of adulthood. One of the main topics that people discuss teens failing on is relationships. There are three different types of teenage couples to observe: the overly attached, the combative, and the healthy. First, let us begin with what some tend to call the â€Å"conjoined† couples. A relationship involving this type of extremity can last from a couple of weeks,to a year. It begins to become unhealthy when they feel the need to do everything together to avoid conflict and accusations of cheating . It is not uncommon to witness a person from this type of relationship abandon all their friends for their significant other. After they cut out every other human being that cares about them, they begin to solely rely on each other for any and all sources of happiness. You will hear them say things such as â€Å"My life had no meaning before I met you.† and â€Å"Without you I could never be happy.† Their social media accounts are filled to the brim with photos and posts all about how much they â€Å"love each other.† When in reality, they have lost all meaning of what a salubrious love really is. 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America And Me Final free essay sample

He is just a normal person, but whether he is studying or doing his job he excels at it. He knows that if he just sits there and worries he wont succeed in anything. This is why I look at him as my Personal Michigan Hero and why others should as well. One laudable characteristic of my brother is he is caring. On one occasion, we were in Miami on a delightful day. We rented a jet ski for an hour. After about half an hour we tried to make a tight turn but it was too tight. The Jet Ski capsized and faster than we realized it, we were swimming in the middle f the Atlantic Ocean.My brother was the first to react and started chasing the Jet Ski as it was roaming off. When he finally stopped it, he could have just gone and left me. Instead he brought it towards me and helped me on. We will write a custom essay sample on America And Me Final or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the time it didnt seem like a big thing but that couldve been the difference between life and death. Another quality my brother has that is worthy of praise is that he is hard working. He is always studying, working, or doing any necessary tasks. I never see him in his Gram Labeler 1207 Hidden cake or. Bloomfield, MI 48302 601 Lone Pine Rd.West Bloomfield, MI 48323 room doing nothing. He knows that he wont accomplish anything if he isnt productive. And when he is working he isnt just reading a textbook. He studies the topic for hours until he is confident of his knowledge. Once, when it was dinnertime my brothers seat was unoccupied. As I approached his room I saw the door slightly cracked open. When I entered the room he was sitting at his desk reading his textbook. Could vividly see his concentration. He had not realized I was in the room because of how engaged he was.It was eke the book was linked to his brain sending information. He is the perfect role model and by watching him I have learned his routines myself. It is beneficiary just to be around him all the time because his good habits have become my good habits. It is clear that my brother is my Personal Michigan Hero. He might be a normal person but he has the determination to get past overwhelming obstacles. And the best characteristic a person can have that he has is he has made me a hero. He has shown me how to make the world a better place. That is something not many people can do.